Fisheries Biology Research Guide

The Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (CJFAS) uses Harvard style for references. "Harvard style" is not affiliated with Harvard University and is not an official citation style like APA, MLA, and Chicago. Instead, it is a reference to the author-date or Author Year format of citation and has many variants. If you are using Zotero as a citation management tool, you can search for and add the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences as a citation style.

For detailed rules on what the CJFAS requires, consult the author guidelines below:

• CJFAS Author Guidelines

If you need additional assistance with your citations/references, please reach out or book a research appointment with me (using the link to the right).

Harvard citation style uses the Author Year citation system for in-text citations.

For exceptions and additional information, please, consult the CJFAS Author Guidelines and Mendeley's Harvard Format Citation Guide.

Basic In-Text Citation Styles

Note: p. refers to a single page, pp. refers to a range of pages.

Additional In-Text Citation Examples

No Author

If possible, use the organization responsible for the post in place of the author. If not, use the title in italics:

Parenthetical Citation

...explanation (A guide to citation, 2017, pp. 189-201).

Narrative Citation

A guide to citation (2017, pp. 189-201) explained...

Multiple Works From the Same Author in the Same Year

If referencing multiple works from one author released in the same year, the works are allocated a letter (a, b, c, etc.) after the year. This allocation is done in the reference list so is done alphabetically according to the author's surname and source title:

Parenthetical Citation

...were described (Mitchell, 2017a, p. 189).

Narrative Citation

Mitchell (2017b, p. 189) describes...

Citing Multiple Works in One Parentheses

List the in-text citations in the normal way but with semicolons between different references:

Parenthetical Citation

...in agreement (Mitchell, 2017, p. 189; Smith, 2000; Andrews, 1989, pp. 165-176).

Narrative Citation

Mitchell (2017, p. 189), Smith (2000), and Andrews (1989, pp. 165-176) agreed...

Citing Different Editions of the Same Work in One Parentheses

Include the author(s)’s name only once followed by all the appropriate dates separated by semicolons:

Parenthetical Citation

...were stated (Mitchell, 2010; 2017).

Narrative Citation

Mitchell (2010; 2017) states…

Citing a Reference With No Date

In this case simply state ‘no date’ in place of the year:

Parenthetical Citation

...were found (Mitchell, no date, p. 189).

Narrative Citation

Mitchell (no date, p. 189) found...

In-text citation examples pulled from the Harvard Referencing Basics: In-Text section of the Mendeley's Harvard Format Citation Guide.

References must be listed in alphabetical order according to the name of the first author and not numbered. References with the same first author are listed in the following order.

• Papers with one author only are listed first in chronological order, beginning with the earliest paper.
• Papers with dual authorship follow and are listed in alphabetical order by the last name of the second author.
• Papers with three or more authors appear after the dual-authored papers and are arranged chronologically.
• Include DOIs and hyperlinks whenever possible, and do not number the references. If your article is accepted for publication, we will format the list for you.

Reference information pulled from the Reference section of the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences guidelines.

Reference Examples

Journal article

One Author

Peterman, R.M. 1982. Model of salmon age structure and its use in preseason forecasting and studies of marine survival. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 1444–1452.

De'ath G. 2007. Boosted trees for ecological modeling and prediction. Ecology, 88(1): 243–251.

Multiple Authors

Andrews C.D., Payne J.F., Rise M.L. 2014. Identification of a gene set to evaluate the potential effects of loud sounds from seismic surveys on the ears of fishes: a study with Salmo salar. J. Fish Biol. 84: 1793–1819.

Wanaka A., Matsumoto K., Kashihara Y., Furuyama T., Tanaka T., Mori T., et al. 1997. LIM-homeodomain gene family in neural development. Dev. Neurosci. 19: 97–100.

Book (not in a series)

LeBlond, P.H., and Mysak, L.A. 1978. Waves in the ocean. Elsevier, New York.

Olefeldt D., Heffernan L., Jones M.C., Sannel A.B.K., Treat C.C., Turetsky M.R. 2021a. Permafrost thaw in northern peatlands: rapid changes in ecosystem and landscape functions. In  Ecosystem collapse and climate change. Ecological studies 241. Edited by Canadell J.G., Jackson R.B. Springer, Cham.

Chapter in an Edited Book

Ward R.D. 2000. Genetics in fisheries management. In Marine genetics. Edited by Solé-Cava A.M., Russo C.A.M., Thorpe J.P. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. pp. 191–201.

Johansson K., Sigray P., Backström T., Magnhagen C. 2016. Stress response and habituation to motorboat noise in two coastal fish species in the Bothnian Sea. In The effects of noise on aquatic life II. Edited by Popper A.N., Hawkins A. Springer New York, New York, NY. pp. 513–521.

Organizational Author

GTEx Consortium. 2017. Genetic effects on gene expression across human tissues. Nature, 550: 204–213.

Environment Canada. 2012. Metal mining technical guidance for environmental effects monitoring. 549pp.

Website

Guiry M.D., Guiry G.M. 2021. AlgaeBase. World-Wide Electronic Publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Available from https://www.algaebase.org [accessed 6 July 2021].

IISD-Experimental Lakes Area. 2023. IISD Experimental Lakes Area: Bathymetry data package. 1968-2023 ver 4. Available from https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?packageid=edi.1276.3.

Nomenclature, Abbreviations, and Acronyms

Nomenclature and abbreviations should follow the rules recommended by the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB) Committee of Editors of Biochemical Journals with support of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). As a general guide for biological terms, Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (8th ed., 2014)*, published by the Council of Science Editors, is recommended. *You can utilize the physical book for full access to the reference material.

For enzyme nomenclature, refer to Enzyme Nomenclature (1992): Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Academic Press, San Diego, California).

Abbreviations and acronyms that are standard in the discipline need not be defined. All others must be defined when they are first mentioned in the text and those with more than one meaning should be avoided. 

Fish

The journal follows the names and spelling for fishes recommended in Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico (related: AFS Fish Name Spellchecker) and the gene nomenclature for protein-coding loci outlined in Shaklee et al. (Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 119: 2–15, 1990). 

Information pulled from the Nomenclature, Abbreviations, and Acronyms and Fish sections of the CJFAS Author Guidelines.